Tag Archive for: ebola virus

Ebola began as a handful of cases in Guinea in March but quickly spread to neighbouring Sierra Leone and Liberia.

Here are 9 things to know about what the WHO calls “one of the world’s most virulent diseases.”

Why does Ebola generate such fear? Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) describes Ebola as “one of the world’s most deadly diseases.” “It is a highly infectious virus that can kill up to 90% of the people who catch it, causing terror among infected communities,” it says.

There is also no vaccination against it.

There are five subtypes of Ebola, the Zaire strain and the first to be identified is considered the most deadly.

Preliminary tests by the WHO suggested that was was the strain of the Ebola virus identified in Guinea in March but this has yet to be confirmed.

What is Ebola?

The Ebola virus causes viral haemorrhagic fever which is the name given to a group of viruses that affect multiple organs in the body, according to the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These viruses can also cause internal bleeding.

The virus is named after the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), which was where one of the first outbreaks occurred back in 1976. In the same year there was another outbreak recorded in Sudan.

The five different strains of the Ebola viruses are named after the areas they originated in. Three of these have been associated with large outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever in Africa.

These are the Bundibugyo, which is an area of Uganda where the virus was discovered in 2007. There are two Sudan and Zaire sub-types.

There has been a solitary case of Ivory Coast Ebola. Interestingly, this subtype was discovered when a researcher studying wild chimpanzees became ill in 1994 after an autopsy on one of the chips.

Reston Ebola is the final and fifth strain and gets it’s name from Reston in the U.S. state of Virginia, where this strain of the Ebola virus was identified in monkeys imported from the Philippines. While humans have been infected with this strain, the CDC says there have been no cases of human death from this sub-type.

How do you know if you have Ebola? 

Early symptoms of the Ebola virus include sudden onset of fever, weakness, muscle pain, headaches and a sore throat. These symptoms can appear two to 21 days after infection.

The problem with the symptoms says the WHO is that these are non specific and can be mistaken for signs of diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever, meningitis or simply flu.

Some patients may also develop a rash, red eyes, hiccups, chest pains and difficulty breathing and swallowing. The early symptoms progress to vomiting, diarrhoea, impaired kidney and liver function and sometimes internal and external bleeding.

Ebola can only be definitively confirmed by five different laboratory tests.

How is it treated?

While there are lots of research and experiments going on there are no specific treatments for Ebola. Patients are isolated and then supported by health care workers.

Health workers Treat patient by hydrating them, maintaining their oxygen status and blood pressure and treating them for any complicating infections
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There have been cases of numerous health care workers contracting the virus from patients, and the WHO has issued guidance for dealing with confirmed or suspected cases of the virus.

Caregivers are advised to wear impermeable gowns and gloves and to wear facial protection such as goggles or a medical mask to prevent splashes to the nose, mouth and eyes.

The 2012 outbreak in Uganda was controlled by placing a control area around its treatment centre. An outbreak is considered over once 42 days — double the incubation period of the disease — have passed without any new cases.

What drugs exist to combat the disease?

2 American missionary workers infected with Ebola were given an experimental drug called ZMapp, which seems to have saved their lives. The drug, developed by a San Diego firm, had never been tried before on humans, but it showed promise in small experiments on monkeys infected with the disease.

However, rolling out an untested drug during a massive outbreak would probably cause even more problems. Experimental drugs are typically not mass-produced, and it is difficult to track the success of such a drug.

ZMapp’s maker says it has very few doses ready for patient use. Other experimental drugs like Tekmira, produced by a Vancouver-based company that has a $140 million contract with the U.S. Department of Defense to develop an Ebola drug. Phase 1 trials began with its drug in January. But the FDA recently halted the trial, asking for more information.

According to Thomas Geisbert, (a leading researcher at the University of Texas Medical Branch) at least one potential Ebola vaccine has been tested in healthy human volunteers. The NIH announced that a safety trial of another Ebola vaccine will start as early as September.

Only back in March, the U.S. National Institute of Health awarded a five-year, $28 million grant to establish a collaboration between researchers from 15 institutions who were working to fight Ebola.

Grant also said that “a whole menu of antibodies have been identified as potentially therapeutic, and researchers are eager to figure out which combinations are most effective and why”

How does Ebola virus spread?

The World Health Organisation says it is believed that fruit bats may be the natural host of the Ebola virus in Africa, passing on the virus to other animals.

Humans contract Ebola through contact with the bodily fluids of infected animals or the bodily fluids of infected human beings.

MSF says that while the virus is believed to be able to survive for some days in liquid outside an infected organism, various methods will kill it including chlorine disinfection, heat, direct sunlight, soaps and detergents.

MSF epidemiologist Kamiliny Kalahne said outbreaks usually spread in areas where hospitals have poor infection control and limited access to resources such as running water.

“People who become sick with it almost always know how they got sick: because they looked after someone in their family who was very sick — who had diarrhea, vomiting and bleeding — or because they were health staff who had a lot of contact with a sick patient,” she said.

Can plane passengers become infected?

While the CDC acknowledges it’s possible a person infected with Ebola in West Africa could get on a plane and arrive in another country, the chances of the virus spreading during the journey are low.

“It’s very unlikely that they would be able to spread the disease to fellow passengers,” said Stephen Monroe, deputy director of CDC’s National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases.

“The Ebola virus spreads through direct contact with the blood, secretions, or other body fluids of ill people, and indirect contact — for example with needles and other things that may be contaminated with these fluids.”
He added that most people who have become infected with Ebola lived with or cared for an ill patient.

“This is not an airborne transmission,” said Dr. Marty Cetron, director of CDC’s Division of Global Migration and Quarantine. “There needs to be direct contact frequently with body fluids or blood.”

Travelers should take precautions by avoiding areas experiencing outbreaks and avoid contact with Ebola patients.
“It is highly unlikely that someone suffering such symptoms would feel well enough to travel,” IATA said in a statement.

“In the rare event that a person infected with the Ebola virus was unknowingly transported by air, WHO advises that the risks to other passengers are low. Nonetheless, WHO does advise public health authorities to carry out contact tracing in such instances.”

This means determining who had contact with the affected person.

What should flight crew do if Ebola infection is suspected?

The CDC has issued guidance for airline crews on Ebola virus infections.
“As with many other global infectious disease outbreaks, airline carriers, crew members, airports can be very important partners in that front line,” said Cetron. “Being educated, knowing the symptoms, recognizing what to do, having a response protocol, knowing who to call, those are really, really important parts of the global containment strategy to deal with threats like this.”

The CDC advises that when flight crew members encounter a passenger with symptoms that they suspect could be Ebola, such as fever and bleeding, that they keep the sick person away from other passengers. They’ve been instructed to wear disposable gloves and to provide the sickened person with a surgical mask to prevent fluids from spreading through talking, sneezing or coughing.

The airline cleaning crew are also instructed to wear disposable gloves, wipe down surfaces including armrests, seat backs, trays and light switches. The CDC says that packages and cargo should not pose a risk, unless the items have been soiled with blood or bodily fluids.

When someone becomes ill on a flight, the captain is required by aviation regulations to report the suspected case to air traffic control, according to IATA.
What is the risk of catching Ebola on a plane?
How many cases have there been?

The CDC estimates there have been more than 3,000 cases of Ebola and more than 2,000 deaths since 1976.

The last recorded outbreaks before the current one in Guinea were in 2012 — in Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo.

The Uganda outbreak involved a total of 24 probable and confirmed cases, and 17 deaths, according to the WHO, which declared it had ended in October 2012.
MSF said the Uganda outbreak had been the Sudan strain, while the virus found in DRC was the Bundibugyo sub-type.

Before 2014, the most deadly outbreak was the 1976 outbreak in then Zaire, when 280 of 318 infected people died, according to the CDC. In 2000, there were 425 cases of Ebola Sudan in Uganda, which resulted in 224 fatalities.